If you've ever used a for loop, checked if a value is in a list, or called len() on something, you've been using Python's data model. Specifically, special methods like __len__, __iter__, __next__, and __contains__. These “dunder methods” let you make your own Python objects behave like built-in types. Want your custom class to work with len(), in, or a for loop? These methods are the key.

Let’s break them down with examples, everyday explanations.

 

1. __len__: Make len() Work on Your Object

What it does:

When you call len(something), Python looks for a __len__() method under the hood.

Why it matters:

If you build a class and want len(my_obj) to return something meaningful, like how many items are inside it, you define __len__.

Example:

class ShoppingCart:
    def __init__(self):
        self.items = []

    def add_item(self, item):
        self.items.append(item)

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.items)

cart = ShoppingCart()
cart.add_item("apple")
cart.add_item("banana")

print(len(cart))  # Output: 2

 

2. __iter__: Make Your Object Iterable

What it does:

This method lets Python know how to start looping over your object.

Why it matters:

With __iter__, your object can be used in a for loop, list comprehensions, or anything that expects something iterable.

Example:

class Numbers:
    def __init__(self):
        self.data = [10, 20, 30]

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(self.data)  # Could also return a custom iterator

nums = Numbers()
for n in nums:
    print(n)  # 10 20 30

 

3. __next__: Define What Happens On Each Iteration Step

What it does:

This method returns the next item from your object. It’s usually paired with __iter__.

Why it matters:

If you're building a custom iterator from scratch, __next__ is where the actual “step-by-step" happens.

Example:

class Countdown:
    def __init__(self, start):
        self.current = start

    def __iter__(self):
        return self  # The object is its own iterator

    def __next__(self):
        if self.current < 0:
            raise StopIteration
        val = self.current
        self.current -= 1
        return val

for num in Countdown(3):
    print(num)  # 3 2 1 0

 

4. __contains__: Control How in Works

What it does:

This method is triggered when you write something like:

if "apple" in cart:

Why it matters:

It lets you define what it means for an item to “be inside” your object.

Example:

class ShoppingCart:
    def __init__(self):
        self.items = ["apple", "banana"]

    def __contains__(self, item):
        return item in self.items

cart = ShoppingCart()
print("banana" in cart)  # True
print("milk" in cart)    # False

If you don’t implement __contains__, Python will automatically fall back to looping over the object using __iter__. That’s helpful!

 

How These Work Together

Let’s look at a bigger picture. When you do this:

if "something" in my_obj:

Python tries the methods in this order:

1. Try __contains__.
2. If not available, try to iterate with __iter__ and compare each item.
3. If neither is available, it raises a TypeError.

When you do this:

for x in my_obj:

Python does this behind the scenes:

1. Calls __iter__() to get an iterator.
2. Repeatedly calls __next__() on the iterator.
3. Stops when StopIteration is raised.

 

Real-World Use Cases

• Custom collections: Build your own data containers that behave like lists, sets, or queues.
• Data wrappers: Wrap API or database results in classes that are iterable and length-aware.
• Game states or UI systems: Control which components are active using __contains__.

 

You Don’t Always Need All of Them

You might just need __iter__ if you're building a class that behaves like a list.

You might only need __len__ if you're showing count in a UI or enforcing limits.

And sometimes, using yield and generators is even easier for iteration than managing __next__ manually.

 

Summary

Method	Purpose	Used by...
__len__	Define what len(obj) returns	len()
__iter__	Make object iterable	for, in, list comps
__next__	Get the next item in a loop	next(), for
__contains__	Define in behavior	"x" in obj

 

Wrapping Up

These special methods are like magic doors into Python’s built-in behavior. Once you learn to use them, you can make your classes feel like real native Python types. If you're building something reusable or preparing for interviews, mastering __len__, __iter__, __next__, and __contains__ is a great move.